加入CPTPP必須調降進口車關稅,政府有為 - 汽車
By Damian
at 2022-02-22T16:32
at 2022-02-22T16:32
Table of Contents
原文連結:https://www.thenewslens.com/article/162752
原文內容:
文:Roger Lin(曾在會計產業任職,服務台灣上市櫃公司審計、稅務服務,現為產業諮
詢顧問)
去年底我國政府正式宣布申請加入「跨太平洋夥伴全面進步協定(Comprehensive and
Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, CPTPP)」,其會員國多為我
國國際經貿重要夥伴,包含日本、新加坡、澳洲、紐西蘭、越南、加拿大、墨西哥、秘魯
等8個簽署國家。
根據財政部關務署統計,我國對CPTPP會員國出口比重佔整體出口額的21.6%,同期自
CPTPP會員國進口占我國總進口額比重達29.1%,加入CPTPP將成台灣在現今區域貿易架構
中的重要機會。
CPTPP屬於多邊體制的區域自由貿易協定,中華經濟研究院指出:CPTPP的宗旨是單一稅率
的協定,會員國必須對所有會員國平等地降低關稅。其中,工業需面臨幾乎全面零關稅的
要求;農業則是大幅自由化且大部分零關稅,只能保有少數例外配額。倘若日後成功加入
CPTPP,大幅開放產業關稅勢在必行,屆時與會員國間展開關稅的談判目標僅在於關稅「
立即降為零」或「分期降為零」的差別,不可避免地將會對國內產業進出口競爭力有重大
影響。
中華經濟研究院曾盤點加入CPTPP於我國各產業的影響,國際開放市場對多數產業而言皆
是利多,農產品與汽車整車產業則會受到較大衝擊。其中,我國政府目前仍對進口車維持
高達17.5%的關稅,若全面調降關稅,恐使長期受關稅保護的汽車整車製造廠面對巨大挑
戰。
購車民眾則多半對降低關稅一事樂見其成,認為長期仰賴政府高關稅保護的整車汽車產業
早應自立自強,購車族不應再為了日常代步的基礎民生需求負擔高額稅賦。尤其,日本為
CPTPP的主要成員國,屆時若對日本調降關稅,在我國市佔率頗高的日系進口車預期將可
大幅降低在台售價。長期反對國產汽車關稅保護的立法委員高嘉瑜也藉機呼籲經濟部長:
在與國內汽機車業者充分溝通、好足因應措施的前提下,應趁著申請加入CPTPP之際,降
低我國進口車關稅。
進口車17.5%高關稅,對比日本零關稅、美國僅2.5%
討論關稅議題,先釐清政府對汽車到底課了多少稅?
許多人都認為進口車關稅是導致汽車車價高居不下的主要原因。其實並不盡然,我國目前
的高車價來自政府多重課稅,和汽車相關的稅率分為四種,分別包含只針對進口車課徵的
關稅,以及不分進口車和國產車皆需課徵的貨物稅、營業稅與奢侈稅,以下簡單說明與試
算:
1.關稅:進口車關稅分為兩種,一種為較受矚目的「整車關稅」,係政府早期為了扶植本土
汽車產業設下的高昂進口關稅,但自從2002年加入世界賀易組織(WTO)後關稅逐年調降
,直至2010年降至17.5%。其次,則是「汽車零件關稅」,為促使國產汽車製造商能提高
國產自製比率而課稅。亦即,若國產製造商有無法使用國產零件、而須自國外進口來台再
行組裝的零件,同樣會被課徵10%至17.5%不等的關稅。
2.貨物稅:以汽車的排氣量作為基準,排氣量2000cc以下者課徵25%貨物稅;而排氣量
2000cc以上者則課徵30%貨物稅。根據2019年財政部的說法,由於車輛排出的廢氣會破壞
環境變成「行動污染源」所以需課徵汽機車貨物稅。
3.營業稅:加值型營業稅5%。
4.奢侈稅:以及價格在300萬時,會另外加徵10%的奢侈稅。
具體而言政府到底對汽機車課了多少稅呢?以一台車原訂售價100萬元做計算,假設國產
車100%以我國零件製造作為成本計算,在加計稅負之後,進口車會高達154萬至160萬,國
產車的售價則達131萬至135萬。換言之,以原訂價同樣為100萬元汽車做比較,購買一台
的進口車需比國產車多負擔24萬左右的關稅。相比起美國對汽車僅課徵2.5%關稅、加拿大
6.1%,相近的韓國課徵8%,日本甚至完全零關稅,我國課徵的關稅明顯過高。
降低關稅,恐使現有汽車代工廠出走
在國際經貿往來頻繁之際,無可厚非需要關稅貿易壁壘以保護國內特定產業發展,以避免
其因國際大廠享有價格優勢而失去競爭力,並反向促使外商將技術與產業留在國內。
最典型的例子非美國前總統川普莫屬,川普競選美國總統時以「美國優先」為口號,訴求
透過關稅政策解決美國對中國的鉅額貿易逆差,希望迫使逐步將製造部門外移至亞洲國家
的美國企業把製造廠移回在美國本土,藉此避免製造業產值與就業機會出走。
我國對汽車產業課徵關稅也是基於相似邏輯,由於汽車產業是一個高技術與高資本的產業
,其中涵蓋鋼鐵、塑膠、電機、電子等領域,向來被認定為火車頭工業之稱。各國政府皆
會希望透過發展汽車工業,帶動國家整體工業發展,因此多數汽機車產業發展尚不具經濟
優勢的國家,都會透過課徵關稅保護汽機車及其上下游產業。
以我國進口關稅保護的對象而言,進口車與國產車的政策區別在於車輛「整車組裝」的製
造國。意即,無論汽車品牌為哪國企業、車款是誰設計、零件來源何方,只要最後在國內
車廠生產線組裝生產出來的車,就屬於國產車。
舉例而言:Toyota和Nissan雖是日本品牌下的日系車,但因在台灣代工製造並不會被課徵
關稅。反之,在國外製造、組裝完後整車進口來台灣的車款,像是BMW未在台灣建立生產
線,就屬於會被課徵關稅的德國進口車。如此一來,政府便能透過稅負誘因將國際汽車品
牌代工製造的技術與產業留在台灣。
關務署指出,近三年汽車業的平均進口總值為1341億台幣,課徵的關稅就高達約235億稅
收,若是調降將影響到台灣國庫的收入,也會影響到國內整個產業政策。
從下表統計可以發現,在關稅保護下,我國每年新售車市約40萬輛中,近十年國產汽車廠
中累計銷售狀況可說是由Toyota的製造商國瑞一家獨大,十年總共賣出上百萬台車,占比
將近5成。其次是中華、裕隆,再來是台灣本田與福特六和。降低關稅後,這五大主要汽
車製造商都將受到嚴重衝擊。
更進一步說,我國五大汽車製造商皆著重於為國際汽車知名品牌在國內做代工製造,尤其
又以日系品牌為主。由於母廠對台灣整車廠的控制力道大,母廠基於全球各工廠產能、生
產品質、市場預估、各國稅率及終端定價等因素對各工廠生產車型及產量擁有決定性的掌
控權。
若失去關稅保護,日本母廠便未必有將代工製造廠留在台灣的誘因。母廠也可能導入更多
進口車款到台灣,使台灣整車市場競爭更加劇烈,國產汽車市場將可能進一步萎縮。屆時
不只汽車整車製造商將受到嚴重衝擊,連帶影響整個汽車產業鏈從上游到下游,包含國內
製造業、車體組裝業、後續維修服務業,涉及將近30萬就業人口,影響非同小可。
面對開放市場,汽車產業需提升產業競爭力
雖然加入國際開放市場可能使整車汽車場受劇烈衝擊,但在海外關稅降低及貿易壁壘撤除
的同時,也可能反而有讓台灣車廠撬開各會員國汽車市場大門,為整車出口帶來機會。
因此,面臨國際市場降低關稅勢在必行,我國汽車產業只能朝兩個方向努力進行產業升級
:一是繼續提升產業技術、壓低價格提高性價比,讓台灣生產車輛具有品質及價格優勢,
強化產業的不可替代性;二是善用過去數十年為國際大品牌代工製造經驗,發展自有品牌
拿回產業鍊的話語權。
尤其,近年在5G應用及潔淨能源之發展下,智慧車輛和電動節能成為未來汽車產業發展應
用趨勢,更有機會搭上汽車的智慧化、潔淨化、電動化的風潮,且我國汽車零組件廠商在
車用半導體、中控台、電子控制單元(ECU)、自駕模組、電控單位都有傑出的表現,將
可吸引眾多電子工業及材料業廠商跨入汽車零組件供應鏈,使得產業的經濟規模加速成長
。
鴻海集團也聯手裕隆,積極推出電動車開放平台MIH聯盟打頭陣,期望能把握電動車的機
會,讓汽車品牌降低電動車研發、製造成本,預計在2023年由納智捷推出第一批我國自主
研發的電動車。屆時若能順利取得市場上的成功,將可能帶動國內其他車廠,也從純粹汽
車代工,轉向電動車自主品牌研發之路。
雖然在CPTPP後,關稅保障的優勢被解除,但憑藉著台灣在電動車上的ICT技術優勢,仍有
一戰的本錢。若能藉此找出適合我國的競爭優勢下能帶動台灣整體汽車產業升級的方向,
才能因應開放市場的衝擊。
心得:
國產車保護這麼多年到底做出什麼東西
還不是仗著關稅漲到幾乎跟某些進口車一樣貴
到底誰還要含淚買次等組裝車
牛頭就是仗著自己是國產龍頭亂搞
還有臉漲價?
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