稀土元素在汽車領域的應用 - 汽車
By Faithe
at 2020-02-27T09:46
at 2020-02-27T09:46
Table of Contents
2017年的資料,依據Bolt電動車拆解的資料推估
https://i.imgur.com/nvaTEGz.jpg
https://i.imgur.com/pgG0PmJ.jpg
內燃機車輛全換成EV
會增加
29倍的鋰需求
19倍的鈷需求
6.5倍的稀土元素需求
5.2倍的石墨需求
1.1倍的鎳需求
鈷的供需,未來EV電池佔大多數(Source: BNEF)
https://i.imgur.com/4kbCVwc.jpg
電池產業對鈷的需求
https://i.imgur.com/9GfehfE.jpg
已知的稀土礦量與每年生產(中國佔絕大多數)
https://i.imgur.com/WbMsawK.jpg
稀土常縮寫成REE(rare earth element)
然後講到稀土在電動車上的應用就不得不提釹元素(neodymium, Nd)
Assessing the dynamic material criticality of infrastructure transitions:
A case of low carbon electricity
釹金屬的生產量和需求量趨勢
https://i.imgur.com/U3tgwMx.jpg
REE Recovery from End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnet Scrap: A Critical Review
(2017)
釹金屬的需求量一直增加,而絕大部分來自開採而非回收
https://i.imgur.com/4IHVAkg.jpg
如果對EV不用靠釹,不會有"回收釹"相關的文獻回顧吧
而絕大部分的釹需求正是來自電動車的Powertrain(馬達)
https://i.imgur.com/tSWUGYz.jpg
Tesla降低每台車的鈷使用量,但整體電動車產業(電池)的鈷需求量仍然一直增加
TOYOTA也有在開發應用在PM上替代釹的材料,但整體電動車產業對釹需求依舊提高
當然可以預期未來會有能替代開採不易或稀土金屬的材料
但現階段而言,相比傳統汽車產業
電動車產業對鋰、鈷和釹(稀土元素)的依賴相當高是事實
※ 引述《Scape (缺鈣缺很大)》之銘言:
: 稀土元素(Rare-earth element)
: 稀土金屬,或稱稀土元素,是元素週期表上第Ⅲ族之鈧、釔和鑭系元素共17種
: 金屬化學元素的合稱,皆屬於副族元素。鈧和釔因為經常與鑭系元素在礦床中
: 共生,且具有相似的化學性質,故被認為是稀土元素的一員。
: 與其名稱暗示的不同,稀土元素在地殼中的豐度相當高,其中鈰在地殼元素豐
: 度排名第25,占0.0068%(與銅接近),是含量最高的稀土元素。
: 雖然稀土元素並不稀有,但其傾向於兩兩或多種一起生成合金,而難以將稀土
: 元素彼此單獨分離,此外稀土元素在地殼中的分布相當分散,很少有稀土元素
: 集中到容許商業開採的礦床,因此被稱為「稀土」元素。
: 另外稀土元素中含量最少的是鎦,但在地殼中的含量比金甚至還要高出200倍。
: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare-earth_element
: http://scimonth.blogspot.com/2011/04/blog-post_1131.html
: 而在汽車領域的應用,部分稀土元素例如釹會用在馬達的磁鐵上,以及車內各
: 種元件等有可能使用到各類稀土元素,像是氧化鈰也常被做為汽車玻璃拋光之
: 用,鄉民有的甚至也會拿來除油膜、氧化鑭做為玻璃添加劑製造螢幕、相機鏡
: 頭,還有汽車音響等,甚至內裝用到的皮革、布料等其生產過程也都會使用到
: 稀土。
: 不過大多數產品的稀土使用量極少,使用量最多的還是石油裂解時做為催化劑
: 使用、以及製作現代燃油車必備的觸媒轉化器。在中油官網上對稀土的介紹中
: 說到:
: "稀土的用途中在美國產業界使用最多是排氣催化控制及石油化學
: 催化劑、稀土磁鐵,另有綠色科技及國防科技等。"
: https://www.cpc.com.tw/cp.aspx?n=248
: 而觸媒轉化器使用的原料除了貴金屬之外,主要是以氧化鈰、氧化鐠和氧化鑭
: 的混合物為主,其中氧化鈰是關鍵成份。由於氧化鈰的氧化還原特性,可以有
: 效地控制排放廢氣的成分。另外將稀土氧化物(Ceo2、Y2O3)加入催化劑中,
: 能提高催化劑的抗鉛、硫中毒性能、耐高溫穩定性。這些稀土元素還能降低貴
: 金屬的使用量並且提高觸媒轉化器的效能。
: http://bit.ly/2w4FHeH
: https://phys.org/news/2017-12-catalyst-exhaust-modern.html
: 而在未來的應用上,馬達自然不必說,永磁馬達內的磁鐵會用到銣金屬;鈰除
: 了用在拋光粉、催化劑外,還會用在儲氫材料、燃料電池原料上,是未來氫燃
: 料電池電動車不可或缺的。
: https://bloom.bg/2T2n4AY
: 而目前電動車常用的鋰離子電池以Tesla 為例,Tesla 採用的是NCA 電池,其
: 正極材料組成為鎳、鈷、鋁,其中最貴最稀少也是爭議最多的材料為鈷,因為
: 鈷的來源大約有三分之二都來自於剛果共和國,而剛果因為時常雇用大量童工
: 而在國際社會上引起關注,而Tesla 電池大致上可分為三個時期:
: Stage 1 (2009 - 2012)
: 這時期用的是18650電池,使用在Tesla Roadster 與初代Model S 上
: 每輛車約需要11公斤的鈷
: Stage 2 (2016 - 2018)
: 這時期用的同樣是18650電池,用在Model S 二代車型與Model X 上
: 但每輛車所需的鈷降至7公斤
: Stage 3 (2018 - )
: 這時期的電池外型變了,2170電池目前只用在Model 3 上
: 並且每車所使用的鈷降至4.5公斤
: https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/car/M.1533746808.A.E89.html
: 可以看到鈷的用量是逐年遞減,未來甚至可能完全不使用鈷(這要等到四月份
: Tesla 舉辦的電池日會議上才會明朗),而且製造電池並無直接使用大量的稀土
: 元素當成原料。(註:鈷並非稀土元素)
: 稀土元素在現代工業中是扮演著維生素的角色,幾乎各行各業都離不開稀土,
: 做為現代工業產物的電動車雖然也離不開稀土,但是要說電動車是不用石油而
: 用量更少的稀土元素去製造高污染電池那是大錯特錯:
: https://i.imgur.com/3xvXphF.png
: https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/car/M.1582628770.A.98E.html
: 首先,電池製造並不直接使用大量稀土,其次,稀土並不稀有。甚至在稀土的
: 使用量上,由於製造石油以及廢氣淨化都需要使用到稀土,燃油車生命週期內
: 原本就已經用了非常多的稀土元素,想借由稀土使用來做為抨擊電動車的藉口
: 只能說是對於現代工業以及稀土元素的不了解、相關知識匱乏所導致的。
: PS:
: 希望未來的ElectroWheel 板板主whizz 能多補充些相關知識,若是對於電動車
: 有這般錯誤認知而若未來又發文誤導他人那可就是害人又害己了。
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