站在油與電的路口:全球車市霸主 TOYOTA - 汽車
By Margaret
at 2019-12-06T22:06
at 2019-12-06T22:06
Table of Contents
原文連結:
https://technews.tw/2019/12/06/toyota-in-a-dilemma-with-ev-hybrid/
原文內容:
站在油與電的路口:全球車市霸主 TOYOTA 為何陷入困境?
還有一個月就是 2020 年,眾家車廠也將迎來純電動車的戰國時代,特斯拉會一支獨秀,
或是被福斯、日產、通用、奧迪,又也許是 BMW、賓士和保時捷能夠急起直追?別忘了現
代、起亞、比亞迪跟其他亞洲車廠也整裝待發,在那之前,我們是不是忘了房間裡的大象
了?豐田 Toyota。
全球銷售量最好的車廠,同時也是新能源車的領先者,混合動力車的總銷量幾乎是全球油
電車的一半,然而 Toyota 在純電動車領域卻非常落後,這是一個大膽的市場策略,又或
者是一個難以避免的創新困境呢?
回顧 2014 年,Toyoya 推出全球第一台量產的氫燃料電池車 Mirai(未來),並於
2015 年開始販售,領先於特斯拉,效率也勝過 Nissan Leaf,然而從那之後,Toyota 就
把焦點放在他們的 Hybrid 系列上,而不是純電車。
油電霸主,純電領域卻緩步不前
Hybrid 的成功,並沒有讓 Toyota 在純電動車領域取得領先優勢,相反地卻拖住了他們
的研發腳步。他們最新發表的 2021 RAV4 Prime,是旗下第三款插電式混合動力車,能夠
在純電池動力的情況下,行駛 39 英里(約 62 公里),同時這台兇猛的跨界休旅車,還
是 Toyota 產品線上加速第二快的車輛,聽起來不錯吧?
Toyota Hybrid 堪稱是目前市場上最成熟的混合動力技術,累積了 20 年經驗,稱霸市場
也不足怪,然而插電這件事情,似乎不是他們特別關注的部分。第一台插電式混合動力
車 2012 Prius,純電里程只有 17 公里,當時雪佛蘭 Volt 的續航力已經有 56 公里以
上。
2017 Prius Prime 的評價非常良好,但是純電里程同樣只有 40 公里,競爭對手 Volt
第二代的續航力則已經來到 85 公里。2021 RAV4 Prime 雖然來勢洶洶,但 Toyota 幾乎
不提插電這回事,也甚少宣傳純電里程(62 公里),對於消費者來說,插電這個功能最
大的好處,似乎只是為了可以拿到政府補助。
Hybrid 霸主已經宣布,與中國比亞迪將共組合資公司,研發純電車,同時 2020 年將有
純電版本的 C-HR 在中國開賣,而北美市場則完全靜悄悄,要知道北美市場從 2009 以來
一直是 Toyota 全球銷售市占最高的地區,直到去年才跟亞洲黃金交叉。因為從 2015 年
開始,北美地區銷售狀況就持續在下滑,2019 年他們預估將會再下滑 1.8%(FYI,台灣
地區的銷售量今年成長了 9.7%,中國則成長 7.2%)。
或許 Toyota 擔心純電車會影響他們優秀的獲利表現?幾乎不用懷疑,車廠的第一台純電
動車注定會燒掉大筆預算,而且入不敷出,然而有一個趨勢讓 Toyota 不得不重新考慮這
個策略。電池成本下降的速度,以及效率提升的速度,遠遠超過 4 年前所有人的預期,
而 Hybrid 技術的成本下降速度卻非常緩慢。或許這也是 Toyota 成為 Hybrid 霸主的原
因,市場上所有混合動力供應鏈的廠商,幾乎都要供貨給 Toyota,只有一少部分出貨給
福特跟本田,這可能是一個警訊。
目前全球共有十多家車廠,正在建造電動車與電池組裝專用工廠和生產線,在這之前
Toyota 原先期望更加嚴格的空污與排放標準,會讓更多車廠一起投入 Hybrid 開發。然
而事與願違,部分國家(像是美國)暫緩提升空污與排放標準,而許多車廠則找到別的方
案來提升環保指數,像是改善空氣力學設計、輕量化設計、縮小引擎與排氣量和多段變速
箱,這些方案都讓油車也能撐過現階段的環保標準,不需要 Hybrid。
這個情況讓 Toyota 有點尷尬,因此在今年 4 月,他們宣布開放 Hybrid 引擎的專利(
不包含電池專利),任何車廠都可以向他們申請使用,無需費用,可惜的是,已經投注純
電的車廠不屑一顧,只有馬自達和速霸陸這些無力負擔高額研發成本的小廠,考慮採用。
Toyota 是否陷入創新者困局?
20 年的心血與投注,換來今日的霸主地位,讓人擔憂的是 Toyota 會不會陷入領先者的
困境呢?科技創新可以帶來成功,但它也可能一夕覆滅,在歷史上有太多例子,80 年代
的軟碟廠、90 年代的相機廠和過去十年的手機廠,從稱霸全球到無人問津,好像都在一
夜之間。
2012 年,Prius 的 4 款車型總共售出 23 萬 7 千輛,2018 年這個數字下降到 87,600
輛,大約三分之一,今年目前為止則售出 63,700 輛。就算加上 Hybrid 版本的 RAV4、
Camry 和其他車型,再算上 Lexus 的 Hybrid 車款,截至這個月的銷量大約是 24 萬,
比起 2012 年 Prius 家族的銷量多了一點點而已。Hybrid 遇到的困境也出現在行銷上,
在過去幾年,他們強調的是環保、乾淨、愛地球,然而這些特點也是純電動車的賣點,還
未開賣的 RAV4 Prime 強調其動力性能時,我想路上的電動 SUV 們也是笑笑吧(2021
Rav4 Prime 0-100 加速為 5.8 秒,Tesla Model X 為 3 秒)。
▲ 現任豐田集團會長內山田竹志,被稱為 Prius 之父,自 2012 年起接手集團領導人職
位,工程師出身的他左右著 Toyota 的未來。
當然,汽車的單價和生命週期與電子產品不能相提並論,電動車的普及也未必能那麼快速
,Toyota 不會這麼容易讓出霸主地位,但是如果 Toyota 的掌舵者內山田竹志,不能放
下他親手打造 Prius 和 Hybrid 技術的榮光,在下一個戰場,Toyota 勢必要面對非常嚴
峻的挑戰。
心得/說明:(30字以上)
美國Toyota 的油電車銷量,尤其是Prius 一直在降低
主要還是因為他的節能環保光環已經被其他車輛所取代
而在中國市場面對政府政策Toyota 也不得不推出純電動車來應對
但是Toyota 並沒有全面性的推動轉型成電動車的計劃
現階段他還是想要以賣油電車為主
而未來的規劃比起鋰電池電動車他更想要推動的是氫燃料電池車
這個規劃與另一大汽車集團VW 完全不同
VW 已經做好準備要全面轉往鋰電池電動車發展
未來在歐洲市場、美國市場、中國市場的電動車市場可能會無法與VW 競爭
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