終於明白“船”是什麼意思了 - 保養
By Gary
at 2022-08-30T18:41
at 2022-08-30T18:41
Table of Contents
車輛工程在描述基本的底盤特性會用K&C
K是kinematics:懸吊連桿等機構運動特性
C是compliance:連桿或襯套的彈性變形
一般的乘用車(3噸以下&軸距3m以下)
都可以透過標準機台試驗
量測車身底盤、輪心、輪胎觸地點三者的拉線式位移計(位移/角度變化)
以及量測個別輪受力的六分力計(力/力矩)
再藉由力、力矩、位移、角度變化等曲線關係,了解一款車底盤特性
AB Dynamics SPMM 5000
https://i.imgur.com/AiEisHz.jpg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PjxbMSgbqoU
MTS Kinematic & Compliance (K&C) Deflection Measurement Systems
https://i.imgur.com/H00CZ4v.jpg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ppcB2vNM2SQ
兩家最常見的K&C試驗機台,造價至少200萬鎂起跳
主流車廠會使用該設備,比較一堆同級競品(例如現代這方面做很勤)
車子先整備好,包含標準胎壓、空車、滿油,椅子前後上下都調到中間狀態
然後在機台上進行一系列標準測項
垂跳(Vertical Bounce):
直線行駛下,垂向運動特性
側傾(Roll):
轉彎或側風下,側傾時的運動學特性
側向力(Lateral Compliance)
同向(in phase):忽略側傾,轉向下,車身/懸吊/副車架變形
異向(anti-phase):忽略側傾,轉向下,懸吊變形
回正力矩 (Aligning Torque Compliance)
同向(in phase):轉向回正力矩效應,懸吊/轉向系統變形
異向(anti-phase):轉向回正力矩效應,懸吊變形
縱向力 (Lateral Compliance)
加減速、路面衝擊、轉向(煞車)效應
轉向 (Steering Kinematics)
轉向齒比(方向盤/輪轉角)、阿克曼轉向角度(左/右輪相依性)
另外有些項目還會根據引擎有無發動、煞車有無踩踏來分別量測
https://i.imgur.com/2i3x7tu.jpg
https://i.imgur.com/o8kl1aK.jpg
https://i.imgur.com/7TqqjwG.jpg
https://i.imgur.com/YzP6C7S.jpg
https://i.imgur.com/GCqMBZz.jpg
https://i.imgur.com/wz8MS10.jpg
垂向彈跳主要跟彈簧剛性有關,懸吊觸底時有緩衝塊,行程過長時會由避震器拉住到
https://i.imgur.com/oSA6ziG.jpg
定負載下的側傾值跟防傾桿剛性有關
https://i.imgur.com/2brIlpN.jpg
側向力和方向機剛性有關
https://i.imgur.com/IY4gcY9.jpg
縱向力則是跟懸吊件的襯套有關,例如煞車點頭可替換剛性較強的襯套改善
https://i.imgur.com/qOu2SLD.jpg
https://i.imgur.com/hSGHfTp.jpg
至於為啥要特別提到"定負載"下的側傾
因為動態會改變的負載(速度),會牽涉到避震器的阻尼力
會另外針對避震器量測速度對阻尼力的關係
低速阻尼力(0.2或0.3m/s以下)與車輛動態操控性有關
高速阻尼力則牽涉到整車結構可靠耐久計算
通常回彈阻尼力>壓縮阻尼力
https://i.imgur.com/E32tUpe.jpg
乘用車的設定介於digressive和linear之間
https://i.imgur.com/sWSedy9.jpg
digressive偏向有利於操控的設定,linear則是舒適設定
而RAV4的避震器阻尼力曲線長這樣,比較接近linear
https://i.imgur.com/w5pTImj.jpg
低速阻尼力不足,因此側傾晃動抑制沒那麼好
加上2.0配的Direct-Shift變速箱,一檔齒輪和CVT切換約在時速30左右(有頓挫)
在市區時速20~30轉彎還滿容易遇到的
大概是這樣
所以為啥有人說原廠黑筒換KYB藍筒明顯有感
因為阻尼增加(特別是低速下)
再來隨著里程累積避震器阻尼多少會衰退,因此老車明顯晃動抑制不佳
然後滿多駕駛胎壓根本沒在顧,一年回廠保養一次才打到40之類的
這又是另一大變因了
更別提路上的駕駛有千百種開車方式
※ 引述《azman1018z (冷漠的旁觀)》之銘言:
: 上個月去南部出差時
: 叫了多元計程車 來了台Rav4
: 不管是市區還是快速道路
: 我坐在後座的體驗就是頭暈想吐
: 要多晃有多晃
: 然後隔天要回北部時,
: 好巧不巧叫的車又來了台Rav4
: 以為又會一路頭暈到高鐵站,結果一路平穩,煞車加速不晃,過坑不搖
: 然後我就跟司機閒聊了一下:
: 我昨天也是搭Rav4 可是昨天的司機開起來就超搖,我還暈車…,你技術就很好 完全不暈
: 然後司機就回我:
: 那當然啦,我花了好幾萬改避震,怎麼可能會晃
--
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