電動車完成1600km的旅程需要130公斤的煤 - 汽車

來源：
https://goo.gl/KS6STN

You'll Need 286 Pounds of Coal to Fuel That Electric Road Trip

New Yorkers looking to escape the winter chill by driving to Daytona Beach,
Florida, would use about 40 gallons of gasoline to traverse the 1,000 miles
in a Chevrolet Impala.

紐約人開著Chevrolet Impala 去佛羅里達Daytona 海灘躲避寒冬大概需要40加侖
的汽油來行駛1600公里。

Switch that gas guzzler out for an electron-eating EV and the equation
changes. A Tesla Model S traveling the same distance would need power
generated by about 2,500 cubic feet of natural gas, 286 pounds of coal or 33
minutes of blades spinning on a giant offshore wind turbine to make the same
journey.

一輛Tesla Model S 行駛同樣的距離大約需要2500立方英呎的天然氣、130公斤的煤、
或者是大型風力發電機在海上轉33分鐘來產生電力。


https://i.imgur.com/fiHL4FU.png

As electric vehicles slowly become a bigger part of the global automobile
fleet, questions about mileage and fuel efficiency are going to become more
apposite. While there are multiple variables that can affect electric vehicle
energy consumption, a Bloomberg NEF analysis illustrated some ballpark
estimates to give drivers a better picture of what’s happening underneath
the hood.

隨著電動車逐漸成為全球汽車車隊的一個重要組成成分，有關里程和效率的問題
將變得更合時宜。雖然有多個變量會影響電動車的能源消耗，但Bloomberg NEF
分析顯示了一些大概的估計，可以讓駕駛更好地了解引擎蓋下發生的情況。


Coal

Taking that same 1,000-mile road trip in an electric vehicle that needs 33
kilowatt-hours of energy to travel 100 miles, like a Tesla Model S, would
require about 286 pounds (130 kilograms) of coal to be burned at the local
power plant. Modern coal plants only convert about 35 percent of the fuel’s
energy into electricity, and about 10 percent of that electricity could be
lost as it travels along power lines.

煤

像Tesla Model S 這樣的電動車，需要33kWh 的能量才能行駛160km。進行同樣
的1600km 公路旅程，大約需要在當地電廠燒掉286磅（130公斤）的煤。現代燃
煤電廠只將大約35% 的燃料能量轉化為電能，並且當電力沿著電線傳輸時，可
能會損失大約10% 的電力。

Even with all those losses, the electric vehicle road trip is still better
for the climate than driving a gasoline-powered car. Burning that much coal
would release about 310 kilograms of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,
compared with 350 kilograms by the 40 gallons of gasoline. Even though coal
tends to emit more pollutants than oil for the amount of energy it generates,
the efficiency of the electric vehicle, which recharges its battery with
every brake, more than makes up the difference.

即使有這些損失，對氣候來說開電動車仍然比駕駛燃油車更好。燃燒這麼多的煤
會釋放大約310公斤的二氧化碳到大氣中，相比之下，40加侖汽油會釋放350公斤
的二氧化碳。儘管煤炭產生的能量往往會比石油排放更多的污染物，但電動車每
次剎車回充電池所帶來的效率可彌補其差異還有剩餘。


Natural Gas

A natural gas power plant producing the same amount of electricity would need
to burn about 2,500 cubic feet of the fuel, enough to fill a small apartment
in Hong Kong or a master bedroom in Dallas. Gas plants are more efficient
than coal, typically converting about half the fuel’s energy into
electricity. It’s also much cleaner, emitting just 170 kilograms of carbon
dioxide for the 1,000-mile journey.

天然氣

天然氣發電廠生產同樣電能需要燃燒約2500立方英尺的燃料，足以填滿香港的
小公寓或Dallas 的主臥室。天然氣電廠比燃煤電廠更有效率，通常可將燃料的
一半能量轉化為電能。它也更乾淨，產生用於1600km 路程的電量僅需排放170
公斤的二氧化碳。


Solar

When it comes to charging electric vehicles with solar power, size matters. A
typical 10-kilowatt rooftop array would need about seven days to create
enough electricity for a 1,000-mile journey, as clouds and darkness mean it
only operates at about 20 percent of its capacity on an average day.


太陽能

用太陽能發電來為電動車充電時，尺寸很重要。一個典型的10kW 的屋頂太陽能
需要大約7天的時間來為1600km 的旅程創造足夠的電力，因為雲和黑夜意味著
它平均只能以約20% 的發電能力運作。

Scale up to a photovoltaic power station, though, and it would take a matter
of minutes, not days. At a modest-sized solar field like the 25-megawatt
DeSoto Next Generation Solar Center in Florida, the average daily output
would produce enough electricity for a 1,000-mile drive in less than four
minutes.

但擴展到光伏電站，則只需要幾分鐘而不是幾天。像佛羅里達DeSoto 這樣新一
代的25MW 規模適中的太陽能中心，平均可以在不到4分鐘的時間內為1600km 的
旅程產生足夠的電力。



Wind

Wind is a similar story, with different sizes of turbines producing different
amounts of electricity. Take the Vestas V90-2.0 MW, an 80-meter tall behemoth
that can be found swirling on the plains of West Texas, among other
locations. Just one of these turbines, and wind farms are usually planted
with dozens of them, produces enough electricity in a day to power a
1,000-mile trip every 33 minutes.

風力

風力是一個類似的狀況，不同大小的渦輪發電機產生不同的電量。以Vestas
V90-2.0MW 為例，這是一個80公尺高的龐然大物，可以在德州西部平原以及其
他地方看到它在轉。在一天內，每33分鐘，一個這樣的渦輪發電機就能產生足
夠的電力讓電動車行駛1600公里，而風力發電場通常有數十個這樣的發電機。

Calculating carbon emissions from wind and solar is a bit trickier. Neither
emit any carbon dioxide in the course of producing electricity on a daily
basis. But unless they’re paired with adequate energy storage -- and most
existing renewable generation isn’t -- carbon-emitting generation has to
make up for them whenever the sun isn’t shining or the wind isn’t blowing.

計算風能和太陽能的碳排放有點棘手。在每天的發電過程中都不排放任何二氧
化碳。 但是，除非它們與充分的儲能裝置相結合 - 大多數現有的可再生能源
並沒有 - 他們必須在沒有陽光或風不吹的時候用有碳排放的發電系統彌補它們。


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這篇文章最有意思的就是這張圖了：
https://i.imgur.com/fiHL4FU.png

就算以最髒的燃煤電廠來算

電動車行駛1600公里需要燒掉130公斤的煤炭，在電廠產生310公斤的CO2

也比燃油車燒掉40加侖(約151.42公升)的汽油釋放350公斤的CO2 要來的少

若是 燃煤、天然氣、再生能源 的比例以30%、50%、20% 來算

那電動車行駛1600公里所需的電量則會排放出

310*0.3 + 170*0.5 + 0*0.2 = 178 公斤的CO2

大概只有燃油車排放350公斤CO2的一半多一點點

不過這只能算附加價值

最大的好處還是能把污染集中管理

降低城市與道路上的污染物與廢氣、廢熱排放

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