Model 3 有如iPhone 3G 大車廠如何避免淪 - 汽車
By Michael
at 2019-11-14T11:39
at 2019-11-14T11:39
Table of Contents
原文連結:
https://udn.com/news/story/6811/4155070
原文內容:
Model 3 有如iPhone 3G 大車廠如何避免淪為Nokia?
蘋果公司2008年6月推出iPhone 3G,當時諾基亞(Nokia)仍是世界最大的行動電話製造
商,只是眾人還不知諾基亞其實是「傻瓜」手機龍頭,而蘋果即將成為「智慧」手機一哥
。
著有《積極型價值投資法》等書的Investment Management Associates投資長凱茨尼爾森
(Vitaliy Katsenelson)在MarketWatch撰文指出,當年許多投資人未覺察iPhone其實不
是電話機,而是一台能打電話的攜帶型行動電腦。他認為把諾基亞推落手機王座的不是蘋
果,而是諾基亞自己:諾基亞當年應檢視iPhone,感謝蘋果指引出未來手機方向,然後發
展出自己的智慧手機。
傳統汽車製造商此刻也面臨跟當年諾基亞類似的處境。內燃機引擎車(ICE)過渡到電動
車(EV),不只是同一領域內的技術變遷(例如從二輪轎車轉向四輪傳動休旅車),而是
脫胎換骨似的轉換至全新領域。在ICE領域風光的汽車大廠,未必能在EV領域吃得開。
凱茨尼爾森認為,傳統ICE車有如諾基亞手機,而特斯拉(Tesla)Model 3好比iPhone 3G
。由於一部車通常可開12年左右,手機用兩、三年就差不多了,所以從ICE過渡到EV較為
緩慢。在過渡期間,舊領域的許多資產,將變成新領域的包袱。傳統車廠轉型是成或敗,
將取決於能否及時、順利地轉換至新商業模式跑道,並且繼續馳騁。
特斯拉執行長馬斯克以「第一原理」(first principles)思考方式從頭打造電動車,跳
脫汽油車設計框架,例如取消排檔,並且採用滑板式底盤、雙引擎、信用卡車鑰、可當車
鑰和控制器的行動應用程式(App)等等。
不僅如此,特斯拉也把「第一原理」思考方式套用在新車銷售與售後服務上。一改傳統汽
車製造商透過經銷商賣車,特斯拉打破這種傳統模式,改採直接的銷售與服務模式,更體
貼顧客也更有效率。特斯拉也因此能囊括所有賣車收益,有別於ICE製造商必須與經銷商
分享。
從這角度來看,特斯拉似乎師法蘋果。蘋果從手機賣給消費者,到售後服務,再到升級至
新手機,統統都自己包辦,提供完整的顧客體驗。
對照下,從ICE舊領域過渡到EV新領域的過程中,傳統汽車製造商很難把昔日賴以成功的
舊模式全部打掉重練。不僅車廠須重新改裝,勞工也須重新培訓。汽車經銷商是今日的資
產,明日卻可能變成負債,就成本效益而言恐不敵特斯拉,但礙於經銷合約,可能無法如
複製特斯拉的直銷模式。
一些ICE汽車製造商已覺醒到轉型至電動車攸關未來的存亡。最近寶馬(BMW)就宣布,
2023年之前要推出12款電動車,比原訂時程提前兩年。
汽油車大廠要轉型成電動車大廠,並非易事,但也不是不可能。馬車製造商起家的杜蘭特
(William Durant),就成功地把陷入困境的別克(Buick)改造成通用汽車(General
Motors)。傻瓜手機製造大廠三星電子,也華麗轉身為全球最大的智慧手機製造商。
凱茨尼爾森指出,三星的做法是,在蘋果iPhone指引出一條明路後,借助Google Android
作業系統迅速打造出自己的智慧手機。同理,ICE車廠也可仿效特斯拉,在電動車市闖出
一片天。
鑒於所需的投資金額巨大,傳統汽車公司已合縱連橫,例如福特(Ford)就與福斯(VW)
攜手合作研發車用人工智慧(AI)技術與滑板式底盤。
傳統汽車公司另擁有一些強項,包括車輛的設計、組裝和行銷,並擁有龐大的零件供應商
網絡。同樣做法也可用於生產電動車,例如電池交由LG Chem或三星生產,軟體設計委託
Cognizant Technology Solutions、DXC Technology等公司,另可運用Alphabet部門
Waymo的自駕車軟體,以及輝達(Nvidia)的自駕硬體。
凱茨尼爾森建議,ICE汽車公司應成立獨立的電動車部門,讓此部門管理團隊直接對董事
會負責,在資金方面全力提供支援,並授權他們從公司內、外招募人才;現有ICE部門則
聚焦於衝高現金流量,作為電動車事業的資金後盾。
但這麼做並不容易,因為橫跨ICE和EV領域的車廠,仍必須每隔幾年推出能吸引消費者購
買的新款汽油車,同時又得投注大量時間和資本開發電動車,面臨的挑戰遠較特斯拉艱鉅
。這說明為什麼,特斯拉在電動車市的領先優勢未來可能有增無減。
心得/說明:(30字以上)
這篇新聞的原文應該是這篇:
Tesla’s first-mover advantage over rival car makers should only get bigger
https://on.mktw.net/2Kk3jA6
當初看到時想翻不過實在沒時間,現在有人翻了把它轉貼過來
這篇文章講到幾個重點,解釋Tesla 做的車不僅僅只是電動車
更多的是智能化、以及在製造、銷售服務上的根本改變
也談到了傳統車廠的燃油車包袱
當然不是所有的傳統車廠都是笨蛋,也有人知道Tesla 相較於他們的優勢所在
但是受制於與經銷商的合約、受制於須承受用燃油車利益去承擔電動車早期的投入虧損
只能一步一步慢慢來
這也給了Tesla 更多更大的空間去發揮它在市場上的領先優勢
據估計Tesla Autopilot 的總行駛里程數已經突破了20億英里
它突破第一個10億英里時大概花了4年多的時間
第二個10億英里大約只用掉一年
未來車子越賣越多這速度還會快速的增加
有這麼多真實世界的路況數據供Tesla 培養半自動/全自動駕駛
後面的人會越來越難以追趕
這個只是先行者優勢的其中一個例子
當然也會有人不認同這篇文章的說法,就等10年以後回過頭來看吧
讓時間來驗證
--
Elon Musk vs Mark Zuckerberg
https://youtu.be/a2GVxYfKSxA
中文字幕:
https://www.bilibili.com/video/av37804239/
--
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