簡單聊車用晶片為什麼還是缺貨 - 汽車
By Ingrid
at 2023-05-12T11:39
at 2023-05-12T11:39
Table of Contents
說真的小弟不是業內人士,但工作內容跟持股也是跟這些事情沾了些邊
版上大家都在嗆說晶片明明就供過於求怎麼車廠還在缺晶片,是唬爛的吧
加上昨天某ID竟然分享了一篇匪夷所思的新聞,內容說中國車偷料改用非
車規的晶片來出貨,就做了點功課來拋磚引玉,希望更多強者大大能補充
首先推薦大家可以稍微瀏覽一下這篇文章
https://technews.tw/2021/04/26/ist-ai-adas-electric-car/
https://www.istgroup.com/tw/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Media_20221007-1.pdf
文章如果太長太複雜沒關係,小弟盡量用白話文講解,總而言之就是車規的晶片認
證的不只是車用晶片本身,車用晶片跟手機這種消費型不同,消費電子講究的是性
能、發熱量、價格,有損壞沒關係換新就好。
但車用晶片不是阿,開一開功能失效或是失誤,可是會死人的,所以車用電子產品
對於溫度、濕度、靜電等導致晶片損壞的可能原因,就有要求,且會影響安全的晶
片甚至要求在生產過程中是零缺陷,然後對於震動也是會有額外的驗證,不然震一
震晶片掉下來怎辦?
所以包含系統/子系統的防震跟工作溫度,PCB板/PCBA (打上晶片的PCB板),焊錫
跟焊錫的方式,在SAE/ISO 都是有所規範的,一個車用電子的零件廠要做出這些產
品,連工廠都要符合驗證跟標準,所以你才會看到某某電子廠通過了認證,竟然還
要特別發一篇新聞稿,這就是因為驗證很難
車上的主要有關安全的系統驗證,要3~5年之久,就算是影音系統的驗證規範,車廠
不可能做一個跟汽車其他系統不連動的東西吧? 只要有連結就會有一定程度規範,
所以就算是大家譙道半死的車美仕,其實當初也是通過比市售的安卓機嚴謹許多的
驗證,根本不是可以說換就換的東西
另外,大家都提到的晶圓廠供過於求,但依照出貨量來看,其實台積電根本沒生產
多少車用晶片。因為這邊大家講到晶片,腦袋中第一時間想到的都是CPU/顯示卡的
這種主動式晶片,但其實主板上面的電阻電容那些被動元件,也全部都包含在上述
講的驗證流程跟規範內
因為對於良率的要求,就算是主動晶片,很多的製造廠商根本也不會去下單給台積
電的先進製程,通常都是下給舊的28奈米40奈米做出來的東西。這也是為什麼明明
消費電子供過於求、大跌價但車規晶片供應一直還沒回來,因為過去幾年大家一直
投資的都是先進製程的工廠,舊的產線工廠產能反而一直沒有提升!
那也因為驗證複雜冗長,所以這些晶片的life cycle都很長,不會隨便更換。比方
一般消費型的CPU,Intel給的生產時間是3-7年為主,工控產品才有到10年以上,
車規產品甚至必須拿到15年!
所以大概了解這些概念後,就知道缺貨,廠商也不可能隨便從消費電子中去找出替
代品來更換。這可不是手機或是主板找替代料那樣簡單的事情,也不是要求生產廠
商供應消費級晶片,就能改動的,人家整廠的生產流程都通過車規驗證了,要改用
消費型的東西,單價也不會比較便宜!
那廠商有沒可能用合規的產品送驗,然後偷機呢? 這邊看一下以台灣為範例車測中
心提供的訊息
https://www.artc.org.tw/tw/technology/authorization/19
一般廠商販售的車要驗過,都是由第三方公正機構去處理。當然中間要逃的方法多
的是比方日系廠商之前傳出多起從供應商出貨的材料檢驗報告就開始偽造,或是
Dahaitsu前陣子的新聞是用Golden Sample送樣但量產車實際結構不同,還是像VW
一樣針對測驗程序的BUG去造假
可是你就不要被抓到! 像VW那樣排汙造假,被罰了多少錢、影響多大的商譽,都是
有歷史紀錄的,消費者很容易記得,這對有在國際上多國銷售的車商,為了省一點
錢趕一點出貨量,最後就是會被罰好幾倍的錢以外,後面損失的銷量、跟重新認證
還有取回消費者的信任,最終都會得不償失啦
如果電子件改用不符合規定的零件出貨,如果哪天出事了被抓包,除了車廠會損失
以外,那些生產的廠商也會被追溯喔,想想那些車規電子的廠商當初為了取得認證
花了多大工夫,又有其他國際客戶的情況下,根本不可能為了車廠要趕出貨就幫忙
偷雞摸狗配合
那些小車廠要惡搞的話,就要直接找完全沒有車規認證的廠家去做,然後報告從頭
造假到尾,但這也不是容易的事情,因為這些車規認證中間不是只對一兩間實驗室
,是一大堆不同的國家規範跟實驗室,造假本身的成本跟難度就很高了,搞不好還
高過車廠少出貨的營業損失!
當然啦,寫到這邊我也不敢拍胸脯保證說世界上100%不會發生這種案例現實就擺在
那邊,車廠造假的新聞多不勝數,連日系歐系廠商都有大規模造假的案例,不過我
覺得要討論車廠怎麼規避驗證跟改用消費規電子零組件的可能性,至少要有更明確
的訊息,不然這種新聞就是信者恆信,給懷疑論者去八卦用的,給記者去創造流量
用的。
p.s. 如果待過電子相關產業夠久,就會知道電子時報的新聞怎來的。以我所知,
電子時報的某些記者早就被一些大廠封殺了,根本不給他們私下採訪跟新聞,要來
採訪就是一些公開的法說會等場合。對他們的記者,講真的當然是不行,講假的又
會被加油添醋,幹嘛搞得那麼麻煩
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