超充排隊 vs. 加油站排隊 - 汽車
By Emily
at 2020-04-13T17:29
at 2020-04-13T17:29
Table of Contents
所謂內燃機汽車目前行駛效率15~30%
其實不是引擎傳輸或是摩擦消耗掉的
內燃機發展了那麽多年
現在各車廠有心早就90%以上了
總效率那麽低主要是因為熱效率不足這個原因
你可以想成汽車行駛中有差不多2/3的能量轉成熱被帶冷卻系統走被排氣管排出
而熱效率可以想成不管什麼熱機都能從高溫獲得能量對外做功,然後會有少部分能量流出
系統
然後這個熱效率跟引擎內什麼摩擦什麼都無關
先姑且把這個熱效率叫成卡諾效率
理論上題升熱效率還是有方法的!
理論上根據卡諾的理論卡諾效率是有極限的
卡諾效率=1-低溫(K)/高溫(K)
所以只要把高溫提高就能提升效率
如果我們把低溫設為常溫約(300K)
高溫設成汽缸內溫度(2000k)
理論上熱效率的極限就是85%
雖然看起來很高
但是4衝程引擎實際上只有極短的時間
所以現在引擎的極限一直提不上來
除非大改引擎設計,或是拉長高溫佔有的角度
而如果拉長高溫分佈,2000k也超過一般金屬熔點,不能維持太久,時間垃久冷卻成本也
會增加
像是噴射引擎就是一種例子
(GE的噴射引擎號稱60%效率)
結論:要提升內燃機效率要投入的成本遠比電動車高出許多
回到電動車,其實電動車的轉換效率並沒有某些人想的那麼神,不算上發電廠傳輸也不可
能90%以上
充電轉換率在90%以上的充電樁加上電能轉換效率在90%以上的鋰電池,配上轉換效率90%
的馬達,就已經消耗掉27%了....
而且這些效率也是跟著環境不同而改變,實際上根據美國能源局的調查在這過程中的效率
大概只有60%-65%。
解救電動車效率的其實是”動能回收系統”
動能回收系統最高可以回收將近13%的效率
讓電動車整體上可以有80%的效率
屌打油車好幾倍
至於發電廠,變數太多就不算了
燃氣大概4x%吧
電車現在的確有許多不方便的地方
但必定是未來趨勢(或許油電也是)
我相信大家也沒討厭電動車
像第一篇那種製造對立的文...看看就好
※ 引述《hereticjoe ((6))》之銘言:
: 電車的確是比油車環保許多
: 在可預見的未來或許電車價格也有望降到與油車一樣的水準
: 但我個人覺得
: 油車的成長空間其實比電車來的大很多
: 一度電能跑幾公里這件事
: 在電車上能夠成長的空間已經很有限
: 但一公升油能跑幾公里這件事
: 在油車上還有非常大的成長空間
: 畢竟目前油車的熱效率緊繃也才到20%
: 未來如果能夠出現甚麼樣的新科技
: 能夠將燃油熱效率推高到50%甚至80%
: 很有可能加油會比充電便宜
--
其實不是引擎傳輸或是摩擦消耗掉的
內燃機發展了那麽多年
現在各車廠有心早就90%以上了
總效率那麽低主要是因為熱效率不足這個原因
你可以想成汽車行駛中有差不多2/3的能量轉成熱被帶冷卻系統走被排氣管排出
而熱效率可以想成不管什麼熱機都能從高溫獲得能量對外做功,然後會有少部分能量流出
系統
然後這個熱效率跟引擎內什麼摩擦什麼都無關
先姑且把這個熱效率叫成卡諾效率
理論上題升熱效率還是有方法的!
理論上根據卡諾的理論卡諾效率是有極限的
卡諾效率=1-低溫(K)/高溫(K)
所以只要把高溫提高就能提升效率
如果我們把低溫設為常溫約(300K)
高溫設成汽缸內溫度(2000k)
理論上熱效率的極限就是85%
雖然看起來很高
但是4衝程引擎實際上只有極短的時間
所以現在引擎的極限一直提不上來
除非大改引擎設計,或是拉長高溫佔有的角度
而如果拉長高溫分佈,2000k也超過一般金屬熔點,不能維持太久,時間垃久冷卻成本也
會增加
像是噴射引擎就是一種例子
(GE的噴射引擎號稱60%效率)
結論:要提升內燃機效率要投入的成本遠比電動車高出許多
回到電動車,其實電動車的轉換效率並沒有某些人想的那麼神,不算上發電廠傳輸也不可
能90%以上
充電轉換率在90%以上的充電樁加上電能轉換效率在90%以上的鋰電池,配上轉換效率90%
的馬達,就已經消耗掉27%了....
而且這些效率也是跟著環境不同而改變,實際上根據美國能源局的調查在這過程中的效率
大概只有60%-65%。
解救電動車效率的其實是”動能回收系統”
動能回收系統最高可以回收將近13%的效率
讓電動車整體上可以有80%的效率
屌打油車好幾倍
至於發電廠,變數太多就不算了
燃氣大概4x%吧
電車現在的確有許多不方便的地方
但必定是未來趨勢(或許油電也是)
我相信大家也沒討厭電動車
像第一篇那種製造對立的文...看看就好
※ 引述《hereticjoe ((6))》之銘言:
: 電車的確是比油車環保許多
: 在可預見的未來或許電車價格也有望降到與油車一樣的水準
: 但我個人覺得
: 油車的成長空間其實比電車來的大很多
: 一度電能跑幾公里這件事
: 在電車上能夠成長的空間已經很有限
: 但一公升油能跑幾公里這件事
: 在油車上還有非常大的成長空間
: 畢竟目前油車的熱效率緊繃也才到20%
: 未來如果能夠出現甚麼樣的新科技
: 能夠將燃油熱效率推高到50%甚至80%
: 很有可能加油會比充電便宜
--
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